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by Sun Tianfu 孙田夫：“患改革忧郁症，六成消费者反对废除千年食盐专营制" 原载 周刊东洋经济2010-2-6号 从09年12月起,上到政府当局、制盐业界,下到一般的消费者,围绕着盐业专营制度改革展开了大讨论。这场讨论起源于国务院国资委、企业监事会监事陈国卫在某会议上关于盐改的发言: “中国盐业专营制度改革应该加速推进,要破解国企垄断经营。但是中国盐业总公司强烈地反对这场改革。” 陈国卫在发言中直接把矛头指向食盐生产和流通的专营企业中国盐业总公司。 In December 2009, a major debate about reforming the salt monopoly system started, reaching as far up as the administration and the salt industry, and as far down as the general consumer. It originated in a statement made at a meeting on Salt Reform by Chen Guowei, a Supervisor on the Enterprise Supervision board of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC): “To break the state’s monopoly, reform of China’s salt monopoly system needs to be sped up. But China Salt Industry Corporation is strongly opposed to this market reform.” In his speech, Chen Guowei directly China Salt’s monopoly over the production and circulation of salt. 陈国卫早在2004年就提出了应该改革盐专营制度,并于05年主持了广东省盐业体制改革,但由于私盐的泛滥而最终受挫。陈指出食盐专营的弊端主要表现为三个方面一是政企不分,二是食盐专营制扩大到小工业盐,三是把食盐生产企业排除在市场经济之外。因此盐业改革势在必行。身为国有企业大股东的国资委主要干部, 点名道姓地批判其管辖下的国有大企业，少有先例。 Chen had as early as 2004 proposed reforming the salt monopoly, and in 2005 presided over a reform of the industry in Guangdong, but was eventually frustrated due to the proliferation of private salt. The salt monopoly, Chen pointed out, was defective on three counts: (1) lack of separation between government and enterprises; (2) the salt monopoly system extended to small salt companies, and (3) firms producing table salt were kept out of the market economy. Reform of the industry was therefore imperative. There are few precedents for senior SASAC cadres, as major shareholders in SOEs, making criticisms in their own names of the SOEs under their jurisdiction. 盐业协会和中盐也早就采取了对策,盐业协会的宋占京秘书长09年12月上旬，在江西省南昌市召开了由盐业协会28家主要企业参加的会议，并在会上提出分两步走的改革草案。第一步，对现有食盐专营体制进行改革，实行三年特许经营，取消计划，取消国家定价或者实行国家指导价； 第二步，完全市场化。 The Salt Industry Association and China Salt responded; in December 2009, the Salt Industry Association’s Secretary-General Song Zhanjing attended a meeting held in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province by the Association and 28 major companies, where he raised a two-step draft reform. The first step was to reform the existing table salt monopoly structure, launch three-year franchises, abolish planning and state-set prices, or implement national guidance prices; the second step was comprehensive marketisation. 针对部分市民听信盐价格上涨的传言而抢购囤积食盐的做法,09年6月，中盐总经理茆庆国在中央电视台发表声明，表明中盐要保证食盐价格的稳定和充足的供给。既强调了国有企业保证安定供给的作用，又同时意欲牵制对食盐专营制度的批判。 Addressing those who, giving credence to rumors of price hikes, buy up and hoard salt, in June 2009, General Manager Mao Qingguo stated on CCTV that China Salt guaranteed price stability and adequate supplies of table salt. While he stressed the role of SOEs in ensuring stable supplies, he sought at the same time to contain criticism of the institution of the salt monopoly. 盐专营制度始于2000年前的汉武帝(公元前144-前88)时代，一直延续至今。废除专营可以说是历史的壮举。但是消费者对此的反映却意外地冷淡。门户网站新浪网关于废除盐业专营的问卷调查中显示，反对废除的意见占到65%。消费者拥护专营的理由是担心食盐价格的稳定和品质不保。调查中回答预测改革后价格上涨的占58%。在此之前，各种公共事业费用均因市场化改革而导致涨价, 这尽管是市场供需所带来的结果，但一般市民把价格自由化改革与物价上涨划等号也是无可挑剔的。 Originating two millennia years ago in the Han Dynasty (BC 144-88), it continues today. It would count as a magnificent historical feat to abolish the monopoly. The response of consumers has however been surprisingly cool. A survey of repeal of the salt monopoly conducted by the Sina portal showed that 65% oppose repeal. Consumers support the monopoly due to worries that stability of price and quality of salt could not be maintained without it. Some 58% of the survey returns forecast price hikes following reform. Various utility costs have prior to this had price increases due to market-oriented reforms. Although this was due to market supply and demand, there is no point denying thT the general public equates pricing liberalisation reforms with price hikes. 另外也存在对生产销售自由化后食盐质量恶化的担心。中国有4亿以上的人口碘摄取不足,政府规定食盐中必须加碘。因此自由化后生产和销售不加碘的企业又可能增多。已经有事例显示部分不法厂家为削减成本用工业盐充当食用盐。 Concern exists also about quality deteriorating after salt production and sales are liberalised. The iodine intake of over 400 million people in China is deficient, and the Government requires salt to be iodised. After liberalisation therefore, firms that produce and sell non-iodised salt may increase. Examples have been shown that to cut costs some illegal manufacturers use industrial salt as table salt. 反对盐专营制度改革，是因为一般消费者对经济体制改革的副作用引发的“改革忧郁症”。以生产和分配制度为对象的80年代的改革得到了百姓的大力支持,但90年代后的教育、医疗、住宅等改革也尽管取得了很大的成果,却也带来了消费者负担的增加和商品服务质量的劣化等副作用。近年来这些副作用越来越明显,导致消费者拒绝接受新的改革。 Reform of the salt monopoly is opposed due to the average consumer’s “reform angst” regarding the side effects of economic restructuring. Reform of the production and distribution system in the 1980 received strong popular support, but reforms in education, medical care, and housing, etc., in the 1990s, while achieving major results, also yielded increased burdens on consumers, and side effects such as degradation of the quality of commodities and services. These side effects have been increasingly evident in recent years, leading consumers to refuse to accept the new reforms. 例如,90年代中期实行的住宅体制改革,改善了多数居民的居住状况、也使不动产市场急速扩大；但由于未能及时地提供廉价公有住宅,使得中低收入阶层感到住宅负担的增加。 For example, the housing reforms implemented in the mid-90s improved most people’s living conditions, also enabling a rapid expansion of the real estate market; but the lack of timely provision of cheap public housing made lower and middle classes feel increased burdens of housing. 中国百姓对改革初期的摸着石头过河的改革方式予以了理解和支持。但是积累了30年改革经验的今天,我认为政府可以通过提供全面周密的改革方案，以避免那些草率改革带来的副作用，并减轻消费者的不安。为此，我们对即将出台的盐改方案拭目以待。 Chinese people understood and supported the early reform era approach of crossing the river by feeling the stones. But I would argue that the government today, with 30 years’ accumulated experience of reform, can provide comprehensive and thorough reform programs, avoiding the side-effects caused by hasty reforms, and reducing consumers’ anxieties. We will wait and see the forthcoming salt reform program. Chinalyst投资顾问有限公司 Chinalyst Investment Advisory Co., Ltd. (to appear in) * Sun Tianfu, “Huan gaige youyuzheng, dacheng xiaofeizhe fandui feichu qiannian shiyan zhuanying zhi” [Suffering from reform angst, 60% of consumers oppose abolishing the age-old salt monopoly], Toyo Keizai for 6, February 2010-2-6 31 January 2010 [孙田夫：“患改革忧郁症，六成消费者反对废除千年食盐专营制”， 周刊东洋经济，2010年1月 31日 (（原载 周刊东洋经济2010-2-6号）).]. © Copyright 2010 by Boxun News Top of Page |
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